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Vinsamlegast notið þetta auðkenni þegar þið vitnið til verksins eða tengið í það: http://hdl.handle.net/1946/23383

Titill: 
  • „Átthagarnir eru hverjum manni miðstöð heimsins“ : hugmyndir íslenskra skólamanna á síðasta hluta nítjándu aldar og í byrjun þeirrar tuttugustu um grenndaraðferð í skólastarfi
  • Titill er á ensku “The global centre is always local” : an overview of Icelandic educationalists‘ ideas in the late 19th and early 20th century on the use of local studies in school work
Útgáfa: 
  • Nóvember 2015
Útdráttur: 
  • Viðfangsefni þessarar greinar eru hugmyndir íslenskra skólamanna um nýtingu grenndaraðferðar í skólastarfi á áratugunum kringum 1900. Gengið er út frá þremur rannsóknarspurningum: Hvaða hugmyndir höfðu íslenskir skólamenn um grenndaraðferð og grenndarkennslu í kringum aldamótin 1900? Hvernig birtust þessar hugmyndir og að hvaða marki í tímaritum á þeim tíma? Hverjar eru rætur hugmynda íslenskra skólamanna um nýtingu nánasta umhverfis til náms?
    Til að fá svör við þessum spurningum var byrjað á því að kanna efnisyfirlit skólaeða menntatímarita og fáeinna annarra rita og skoða vandlega allar greinar sem bera heiti er benda til þess að í þeim sé eitthvert efni sem tengist grenndaraðferð eða grenndarkennslu. Sú leit bar umtalsverðan árangur og frá niðurstöðum hennar segir hér á eftir. Í þeirri umfjöllun er lítill greinarmunur gerður á hugtökunum grenndarkennslu og grenndaraðferð þótt það fyrrnefnda vísi til þess þegar áhersla er lögð á að kenna nemendum um grenndina en grenndaraðferð til þess þegar viðfangsefni úr nágrenni eru nýtt sem uppspretta hugmynda eða samanburðar við kennslu.
    Rannsóknaraðferðin er í eðli sínu söguleg og framsetning efnisins einnig. Í ljós kemur að íslenskir skólamenn höfðu margar og býsna fjölbreyttar hugmyndir um ágæti þess að nýta grenndina við kennslu og rökstuddu kosti þess gjarnan með vísun í uppeldisfræðileg sjónarmið. Í skrifum nokkurra þeirra má jafnframt greina sterka þjóðerniskennd, tengsl við vaxandi félagshreyfingar og áherslu á ættjarðar-
    ást. Helstu námsgreinar sem höfundar tengja við grenndaraðferð eða grenndarkennslu eru saga, náttúrufræði, landafræði og átthagafræði.

  • Útdráttur er á ensku

    In recent years educationalists‘ attention has, amongst other things, turned to the possibilities schools have to use their closest surroundings for study purposes by going on field trips, setting up facilities for outdoor teaching, and/or using examples from each school‘s cultural or natural environment to make the studies as meaningful as possible. Ideas of this kind are commonly linked to a recent concept, local studies, but their foundations have been in place within the field of education for a long time.
    The object of this study is to examine how educationalists‘ ideas on the
    utilization of local studies appeared in selected newspapers and journals towards the end of the 19th century and in the beginning of the 20th century, when the foundations of the present Icelandic educational system for children and teenagers were discussed and laid. The research questions which guides the study are as follows: What were the ideas of Icelandic educationalists on local studies and local teaching around 1900? How, and to what extent, did these ideas appear in journals from this time? Which are the sources of Icelandic educationalists‘ ideas about the use of local surroundings for teaching purposes? The answer to these questions is sought by analyzing educational journals and a few general journals from this period.
    The first parts of the article consist of short definitions, a description of how sources were gathered, and a brief discussion of the relevant journals. This is followed by an examination of the clues found regarding the ideas on local studies and local teaching in the period in question. This examination is divided into two parts. The former covers the period prior to the publication of Guðmundur Finnbogason‘s book Lýðmenntun in 1903 and the passing of the law on compulsory education four years later. The second part deals with the debate which followed in the wake of the passing of the public educational law and lasted until 1920, when the return of Steingrímur Arason from USA resulted in noteworthy changes. The parts of Lýðmenntun which address curricular matters are also discussed. Finally, the findings are discussed and
    summarized.
    The authors‘ main conclusion is that the study reveals that a century ago Icelandic educationalists had a clear picture of using local studies for teaching purposes. Their ideas were adapted to Icelandic circumstances but their roots can be traced further back in time. Not all these roots can be examined in detail, but four call for further scrutiny.
    Firstly, romanticism, nationalism, and the fight for independence in the 19th century caused a change of focus in Icelanders‘ search for role-models, as international standards were to some extent replaced by national symbols embodied in medieval heroes or the harsh but invigorating nature of Iceland. This switch appeared in its purest form in patriotic poetry, Icelandic history that was taught, in a nationalistic spirit, emphasizing the importance and initiative of strong individuals. This historical interpretation underlined the importance and ability of Icelanders and drew a clear line between right and wrong. In other words, it was perfectly clear to the reader when good compatriots were wronged by evil foreigners.
    Secondly, direct and indirect influences from the folk school movement in Denmark, and later Norway and Sweden, should be mentioned. A large group of Icelanders went to Askov and other Scandinavian folk schools in the last two decades of the 19th century and the first three decades of the 20th century.
    The influence from these schools appeared e.g. in schools run by Sigurður Þórólfsson in Reykjavík 1902‒1904 and Hvítárbakki in 1905, and in the school founded by Sigtryggur Guðlaugsson in Núpur in Dýrafjörður 1907. The agricultural schools in Hólar and Hvanneyri were a further outlet for these influences.
    Thirdly, youth associations, which originally were closely related to the folk schools and became quite common in Norway in the latter half of the 19th century, were influential. Initially, these associations rested on Grundtvigian foundations, but their religious focus was soon replaced by an emphasis on public enlightenment and political liberalism. This movement was brought to Iceland in the first decade of the 20th century and quickly established itself quite firmly, especially in rural areas. Patriotism and public enlightenment quickly became their main fields of interest, and this materialized in e.g. forestry and handwritten pamphlets which honed their authors‘ writing and argumentation skills.
    The fourth kind of influence behind the emphasis on local studies was also of foreign origin, even though the educational thinkers in this case were not Scandinavian. It is difficult to trace their direct influence until the beginning of the 20th century, but the visits of a handful of Icelanders to USA (Chicago, New York and other cities) for educational purposes are critical. ...

Birtist í: 
  • Netla
ISSN: 
  • 1670-0244
Samþykkt: 
  • 18.12.2015
URI: 
  • http://hdl.handle.net/1946/23383


Skrár
Skráarnafn Stærð AðgangurLýsingSkráartegund 
Ruth Margrét Friðriksdóttir og Bragi Guðmundsson - 2015- Átthagarnir eru hverjum manni miðstöð heimsins.pdf520 kBOpinnPDFSkoða/Opna