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Titill: 
  • Neikvæðar afleiðingar kæfisvefns: Breytileg einkenni og lífmerki eftir einstaklingum
  • Titill er á ensku Adverse effects of obstructive sleep apnea: Interindividual differences in symptoms and biomarkers
Námsstig: 
  • Doktors
Útdráttur: 
  • Útdráttur er á ensku

    Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder that is characterised by frequent cessation of breathing during sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness. Epidemiological studies show that at least 2-4% of the general population suffers from OSA and that the prevalence is much higher in obese subjects. OSA patients usually snore loudly but also have other more variable symptoms such as nocturnal sweating. It is important to recognise better the clinical symptoms of OSA as such knowledge is e.g. informative for the need of a sleep study in undiagnosed OSA patients. OSA is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) but some patients appear to be protected against the adverse consequences of OSA. It is important to understand this inter-individual difference better, e.g. by measuring inflammatory biomarkers as indicators of increased CVD risk. This information can be used for the development of personalized treatment of OSA and better prevention of its comorbidities.
    Objectives: To assess whether frequent nocturnal sweating is a symptom of OSA. To assess the relationship of OSA severity with levels of inflammatory biomarkers interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP) and leptin in blood, independent of obesity. To evaluate the role of interindividual differences in both nocturnal sweating and levels of inflammatory biomarkers in blood.
    Methods: The relationship between OSA and reported nocturnal sweating was assessed by comparing 822 untreated OSA subjects in the Icelandic Sleep Apnea Cohort to 703 subjects in a general population cohort. The ISAC cohort was re-assessed two years after starting positive airway pressure (PAP) treatment (n=741). The OSA patients underwent a sleep study assessing OSA severity by four different indices; the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), the oxygen desaturation index (ODI), hypoxia time (minutes with oxygen saturation <90%) and the minimum oxygen saturation (minSaO2) during the night. Magnetic resonance imaging of abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat volume was performed. Objective nocturnal sweating was assessed by the electrodermal activity (EDA) index during sleep in a subset of 15 otherwise healthy OSA males while untreated and after 3 months of PAP treatment. Measurement of serum IL-6, CRP and leptin levels was performed cross-sectionally for the first 454 untreated OSA subjects in the ISAC cohort.
    Results: Frequent nocturnal sweating (≥3x a week) was reported by 31.1% of the OSA cohort vs. only 11.1% of the general population cohort (p<0.0001). This difference remained significant after adjustment for demographic factors. Nocturnal sweating was related to younger age, presence of CVD and hypertension, daytime sleepiness, and difficulties initiating and maintaining sleep but no gender differences were found. The prevalence of frequent nocturnal sweating decreased to 11.5% with PAP treatment (p<0.003). Also, in the 15 OSA patients with objective measures of sweating, the mean (±standard deviation) EDA index during sleep decreased from 132 (±22) events/hr. in untreated patients to 79 (±18) events/hr. on PAP treatment (p=0.04). Untreated patients with high EDA indices also had high systolic blood pressure in the evening and morning (p<0.01). A decrease in EDA index with treatment correlated with a decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p<0.05).
    In untreated ISAC participants (n=454), oxygen desaturation severity indices were significantly correlated with higher levels of IL-6, CRP and leptin, but AHI was not. When stratified by BMI category (BMI <30, BMI 30-35 and BMI ≥35 kg/m2), OSA severity was associated with IL-6 and CRP levels in obese participants only. However, no relationship was found between OSA severity and leptin levels, in any of the BMI groups. A multiple linear regression model confirmed an independent association between OSA severity and IL-6 levels as well as an interaction between OSA severity and BMI. The degree of obesity altered the relationship between OSA severity and IL-6 levels, so that no relationship was found in the nonobese but only in the obese subjects. A similar but weaker relationship was found between OSA severity and BMI on CRP levels for males and postmenopausal women. However, no relationship of OSA severity was found with leptin levels.
    Conclusions: Frequent nocturnal sweating is reported by a third of OSA patients. The prevalence of reported frequent nocturnal sweating was threefold higher in untreated OSA patients than in the general population and decreased to general population levels with full PAP treatment. Objective measurements also showed a decrease of nocturnal sweating with treatment. Frequent nocturnal sweating in OSA patients may be an indicator of increased CVD risk. OSA severity is an independent predictor of increased IL-6 and CRP levels and increased CVD risk but this association is only found in obese patients.

Styrktaraðili: 
  • Styrktaraðili er á ensku This work was supported by NIH grant HL72067 for “A Family Linkage Study of Obstructive Sleep Apnea” and HL94307 for “Endophenotypes of Sleep Apnea and Role of Obesity”, the Eimskip Fund of the University of Iceland, the Landspitali University Hospital Research Fund, The Icelandic Research Fund and the Icelandic Graduate Research Fund.
Samþykkt: 
  • 10.7.2013
URI: 
  • http://hdl.handle.net/1946/15993


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