Prevalence, mental health and substance use of anabolic steroid ssers : a population-based study on young individuals

Abstract

Aims: The use of anabolic androgen steroids (AAS) to enhance performance is not a modern phenomenon. Majority of today’s AAS users are not competitive athletes, but individuals who want to look leaner and muscular. This study aimed to examine prevalence of AAS use among young individuals and assess whether their mental health and substance use differ from non-AAS users. Methods: A population-based study conducted in secondary schools, mean age was 17.3 years. Total of 10.259 participants (50% females, 1% reported gender as “other”, 49% male) answered questions on mental health (GAD-7, SCL-90), AAS use, substance use, and sport participation. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, t-test, chi-square, and logistic regression. Results: Prevalence of AAS use was 1.6% and 78% of users were males. AAS users had more anger issues, anxiety, depression, and their self-esteem was lower than among non-AAS users (p < 0.05). A larger proportion of AAS users, 30%, had attempted suicide compared to 10% of non-users (χ2 (1, 9580) = 57.5, p < .001). Proportionally, AAS users were more likely to take medicine for mental health problems and misuse substances than non-users. Participation in non-organized sports, increased anger and body image were associated with increased odds of using AAS. Conclusions: AAS use is a public health threat. It has an alarming effect on the life of individuals who report having used AAS. Authorities, health-care workers, parents, and others working with young people need to be informed of the signs and risks of AAS use to reduce future negative implications.