Assessing the Effectiveness of Forest Restoration Efforts in Malawi: A Systematic Review of Successes, Challenges and Lessons Learned

Abstract

Land degradation is a major global environmental challenge affecting various ecosystems, with forest ecosystems among the most severely affected. In Malawi, forest degradation has been driven by a complex interplay of socioeconomic and ecological factors, including agricultural expansion, charcoal production, and weak governance. In response, forest restoration initiatives have been implemented through national policies and international commitments, yet the effectiveness of these efforts remains uneven and poorly documented at a national scale. This study systematically reviews 20 peer reviewed articles and grey literature sources to assess the successes, challenges, and lessons learned from forest restoration efforts in Malawi.Using systematic review methodology guided by PRISMA protocols, the study synthesizes ecological, social, and governance outcomes of restoration interventions implemented between 1990 and March 2025. Thematic analysis was conducted on qualitative data, and effectiveness was evaluated using three analytical frameworks: the Ecological Recovery Wheel, the Social Benefits Wheel, and the Standards of Practice guiding the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration.Findings indicate notable progress in participatory forest governance, structural diversity restoration, and capacity building. However, significant challenges persist, including inadequate funding, weak law enforcement, insecure land tenure, and limited community involvement during project planning phases. Ecological assessments revealed atrial ecosystem recovery, particularly in structural diversity and productivity, but ongoing overutilization and habitat fragmentation hindered full ecological function. Social outcomes varied, with positive stakeholder engagement but recurring issues in equitable benefit-sharing and gender inclusion.The study underscores the importance of adopting integrated, participatory, and context0-specific strategies for effective forest restoration. Key recommendations include strengthening governance, promoting natural regeneration, ensuring equitable resource access, and aligning restoration efforts with both international standards and Malawi’s national priorities. These insights aim to inform policy and practice for more sustainable and resilient forest restoration in Malawi and similar contexts across sub-Saharan Africa.