<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="static/style.xsl"?><OAI-PMH xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/OAI-PMH.xsd"><responseDate>2026-09-30T08:27:32Z</responseDate><request verb="GetRecord" identifier="oai:skemman.is:1946/49986" metadataPrefix="dim">https://skemman.is/oai/request</request><GetRecord><record><header><identifier>oai:skemman.is:1946/49986</identifier><datestamp>2025-05-09T12:24:48Z</datestamp><setSpec>com_1946_2061</setSpec><setSpec>com_1946_2057</setSpec><setSpec>col_1946_2075</setSpec></header><metadata><dim:dim xmlns:dim="http://www.dspace.org/xmlns/dspace/dim" xmlns:doc="http://www.lyncode.com/xoai" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.dspace.org/xmlns/dspace/dim http://www.dspace.org/schema/dim.xsd">
<dim:field mdschema="dc" element="contributor" lang="is">Háskóli Íslands</dim:field>
<dim:field mdschema="dc" element="contributor" qualifier="author">Alexandra Elíasdóttir 2001-</dim:field>
<dim:field mdschema="dc" element="contributor" qualifier="author">Magnea Þóra Jónsdóttir 1993-</dim:field>
<dim:field mdschema="dc" element="contributor" qualifier="author">Þorkell Ingi Eriksson 1994-</dim:field>
<dim:field mdschema="dc" element="contributor" qualifier="author">Þóra Júlía Valdemarsdóttir 1994-</dim:field>
<dim:field mdschema="dc" element="description" qualifier="advisor">Sigrún Sunna Skúladóttir 1975-</dim:field>
<dim:field mdschema="dc" element="description" qualifier="abstract" lang="is">Bakgrunnur: Breytingaskeiðið er lífeðlisfræðilegt tímamót í lífi einstaklinga, sem ganga í gegnum tíðahvörf og fylgir oft breyttri hormónastarfsemi með fjölbreyttum einkennum, svo sem hitakófi, svefntruflunum, skapsveiflum og breytingu á líkamsþyngd. Rannsóknir benda til þess að mataræði og samsetning næringarefna geti haft áhrif á upplifun og einkenni einstaklinga á þessu tímabili og stuðlað að almennt betra hormónajafnvægi og heilsu. Rannsóknarsnið: Um er að ræða fræðilega samantekt á ritrýndum rannsóknum um tengsl næringar og einkenna á breytingaskeiði. Tilgangur: Tilgangur þessarar samantektar er að draga saman núverandi vísindalega þekkingu á áhrifum helstu næringarefna, próteins, fitu og kolvetna, ásamt mismunandi mataræði og algeng einkenni breytingaskeiðsins. Aðferð: Fræðileg leit fór fram í PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect og Google Scholar með áherslu á rannsóknir sem birtar voru á árunum 2015–2025. Þær rannsóknir sem stóðust inntöku- og útilokunarskilyrði voru metnar út frá ABC-gæðamati.&#xd;
Niðurstöður: Niðurstöður benda til að samsetning og gæði næringarefna, próteins, fitu og kolvetna hafi marktæk áhrif á einkenni tíðahvarfa. Omega-3 fitusýrur og próteinríkt mataræði tengdist vægari einkennum, á meðan óhófleg neysla á mettaðri fitu og hraðvirkum kolvetnum tengdist auknum einkennum. Trefjarík og glýsemísk lág kolvetni sýndu jákvæð áhrif og neysla á baunum og ólífuolíu sýndi jákvæð áhrif á tíðahvarfaeinkenni. Einnig bentu rannsóknir til að plöntumiðað– og miðjarðarhafsmataræði gæti dregið úr algengum einkennum og bætt líðan kvenna á breytingaskeiði. Ályktun: Niðurstöður samantektarinnar sýna að samsetning próteins, fitu og kolvetna, sem og mataræði, getur haft marktæk áhrif á einkenni tíðahvarfa. Ríkari neysla á omega-3 fitusýrum, hágæða próteini og trefjaríkum kolvetnum tengdist vægari einkennum og bættri líðan. Næring virðist því gegna lykilhlutverki í líkamlegri og andlegri vellíðan kvenna á breytingaskeiði.&#xd;
Lykilorð: einkenni, tíðahvörf, fyrir tíðahvörf, eftir tíðahvörf, næringarefni, fita, prótein, kolvetni, miðjarðarhafsmataræði, vegan mataræði, Ketógenískt mataræði.</dim:field>
<dim:field mdschema="dc" element="description" qualifier="abstract" lang="en">Background: Menopause is a significant physiological milestone involving extensive hormonal and metabolic changes. Individuals experiencing this transition may encounter symptomssuch as vasomotor symptoms (VMS), sleep disturbances, mood fluctuations, and changes in body composition. Recent research has increasingly focused on the role of diet and nutrition in managing menopausal symptoms and promoting overall health during this life stage. Study Design: This is a literature review focusing on the relationship between nutrition and the physiological and symptomatic aspects of menopause. Aim: The aim of this review is to explore how macronutrients — protein, fat, and carbohydrates — and different dietary patterns may influence hormonal balance and alleviate common symptoms associated with menopause, including hot flashes, sleep issues, mood disturbances, and weight gain. Method: A structured literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, focusing on studies published between 2015 and 2025. Studies that met inclusion and exclusion criteria were assessed using the ABC quality assessment.&#xd;
Results: Findings indicate that the composition and quality of protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake have a significant impact on menopausal symptoms. Omega-3 fatty acids and proteinrich diets were associated with milder symptoms, while excessive intake of saturated fats and refined carbohydrates was linked to increased symptom severity. High-fiber and low-glycemic carbohydrates showed positive effects and a positive effect was found between menopausal symptoms and the consumption of beans and olive oil. Additionally, plant-based– and Mediterranean dietary patterns were found to reduce common symptoms and improve overall wellbeing during the menopausal transition. Conclusion: The findings of this review suggest that the composition of protein, fat, and carbohydrates, as well as overall dietary patterns, can significantly influence menopausal symptoms. Higher intake of omega-3 fatty acids, quality protein, and fiber-rich carbohydrates was associated with milder symptoms and improved wellbeing. Diet may therefore play a key role in supporting both physical and mental health during the menopausal transition.&#xd;
Keywords: symptoms, menopause, perimenopause, postmenopause, macronutrients, fatty acids, protein, carbohydrates, Mediterranean diet, vegan diet, keto diet.</dim:field>
<dim:field mdschema="dc" element="date" qualifier="accessioned">2025-05-09T12:24:48Z</dim:field>
<dim:field mdschema="dc" element="date" qualifier="available">2025-05-09T12:24:48Z</dim:field>
<dim:field mdschema="dc" element="date" qualifier="issued">2025-05-09T12:24:48Z</dim:field>
<dim:field mdschema="dc" element="date" qualifier="submitted">2025-05-09T11:57:16Z</dim:field>
<dim:field mdschema="dc" element="date" qualifier="published">2025-05</dim:field>
<dim:field mdschema="dc" element="identifier" qualifier="uri">https://hdl.handle.net/1946/49986</dim:field>
<dim:field mdschema="dc" element="language" qualifier="iso">is</dim:field>
<dim:field mdschema="dc" element="subject" lang="is">Hjúkrunarfræði</dim:field>
<dim:field mdschema="dc" element="subject" lang="is">Tíðahvörf</dim:field>
<dim:field mdschema="dc" element="subject" lang="is">Mataræði</dim:field>
<dim:field mdschema="dc" element="subject" lang="is">Næringarefni</dim:field>
<dim:field mdschema="dc" element="title" lang="is">Áhrif mataræðis á einkenni einstaklinga yfir breytingaskeið: Fræðileg samantekt</dim:field>
<dim:field mdschema="dc" element="title" lang="en">The effect of diet on symptoms in individuals throughout the menopausal transition: Literature review</dim:field>
<dim:field mdschema="dc" element="type">Thesis</dim:field>
<dim:field mdschema="dc" element="type" qualifier="degree">Bachelor's</dim:field>
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